Emmanuel Breuillard, Ben Green, and I have just uploaded to the arXiv our survey “Small doubling in groups“, for the proceedings of the upcoming Erdos Centennial.  This is a short survey of the known results on classifying finite subsets A of an (abelian) additive group G = (G,+) or a (not necessarily abelian) multiplicative group G = (G,\cdot) that have small doubling in the sense that the sum set A+A or product set A \cdot A is small.  Such sets behave approximately like finite subgroups of G (and there is a closely related notion of an approximate group in which the analogy is even tighter) , and so this subject can be viewed as a sort of approximate version of finite group theory.  (Unfortunately, thus far the theory does not have much new to say about the classification of actual finite groups; progress has been largely made instead on classifying the (highly restricted) number of ways in which approximate groups can differ from a genuine group.)

In the classical case when G is the integers {\mathbb Z}, these sets were classified (in a qualitative sense, at least) by a celebrated theorem of Freiman, which roughly speaking says that such sets A are necessarily “commensurate” in some sense with a (generalised) arithmetic progression P of bounded rank.   There are a number of essentially equivalent ways to define what “commensurate” means here; for instance, in the original formulation of the theorem, one asks that A be a dense subset of P, but in modern formulations it is often more convenient to require instead that A be of comparable size to P and be covered by a bounded number of translates of P, or that A and P have an intersection that is of comparable size to both A and P (cf. the notion of commensurability in group theory).

Freiman’s original theorem was extended to more general abelian groups in a sequence of papers culminating in the paper of Green and Ruzsa that handled arbitrary abelian groups.   As such groups now contain non-trivial finite subgroups, the conclusion of the theorem must be  modified by allowing for “coset progressions” P+H, which can be viewed as “extensions”  of generalized arithmetic progressions P by genuine finite groups H.

The proof methods in these abelian results were Fourier-analytic in nature (except in the cases of sets of very small doubling, in which more combinatorial approaches can be applied, and there were also some geometric or combinatorial methods that gave some weaker structural results).  As such, it was a challenge to extend these results to nonabelian groups, although for various important special types of ambient group G (such as an linear group over a finite or infinite field) it turns out that one can use tools exploiting the special structure of those groups (e.g. for linear groups one would use tools from Lie theory and algebraic geometry) to obtain quite satisfactory results; see e.g. this survey of  Pyber and Szabo for the linear case.   When the ambient group G is completely arbitrary, it turns out the problem is closely related to the classical Hilbert’s fifth problem of determining the minimal requirements of a topological group in order for such groups to have Lie structure; this connection was first observed and exploited by Hrushovski, and then used by Breuillard, Green, and myself to obtain the analogue of Freiman’s theorem for an arbitrary nonabelian group.

This survey is too short to discuss in much detail the proof techniques used in these results (although the abelian case is discussed in this book of mine with Vu, and the nonabelian case discussed in this more recent book of mine), but instead focuses on the statements of the various known results, as well as some remaining open questions in the subject (in particular, there is substantial work left to be done in making the estimates more quantitative, particularly in the nonabelian setting).

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