You are currently browsing the tag archive for the ‘Brown measure’ tag.

In this final set of lecture notes for this course, we leave the realm of self-adjoint matrix ensembles, such as Wigner random matrices, and consider instead the simplest examples of non-self-adjoint ensembles, namely the iid matrix ensembles. (I had also hoped to discuss recent progress in eigenvalue spacing distributions of Wigner matrices, but have run out of time. For readers interested in this topic, I can recommend the recent Bourbaki exposé of Alice Guionnet.)

The basic result in this area is

Theorem 1 (Circular law) Let ${M_n}$ be an ${n \times n}$ iid matrix, whose entries ${\xi_{ij}}$, ${1 \leq i,j \leq n}$ are iid with a fixed (complex) distribution ${\xi_{ij} \equiv \xi}$ of mean zero and variance one. Then the spectral measure ${\mu_{\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}M_n}}$ converges both in probability and almost surely to the circular law ${\mu_{circ} := \frac{1}{\pi} 1_{|x|^2+|y|^2 \leq 1}\ dx dy}$, where ${x, y}$ are the real and imaginary coordinates of the complex plane.

This theorem has a long history; it is analogous to the semi-circular law, but the non-Hermitian nature of the matrices makes the spectrum so unstable that key techniques that are used in the semi-circular case, such as truncation and the moment method, no longer work; significant new ideas are required. In the case of random gaussian matrices, this result was established by Mehta (in the complex case) and by Edelman (in the real case), as was sketched out in Notes. In 1984, Girko laid out a general strategy for establishing the result for non-gaussian matrices, which formed the base of all future work on the subject; however, a key ingredient in the argument, namely a bound on the least singular value of shifts ${\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} M_n - zI}$, was not fully justified at the time. A rigorous proof of the circular law was then established by Bai, assuming additional moment and boundedness conditions on the individual entries. These additional conditions were then slowly removed in a sequence of papers by Gotze-Tikhimirov, Girko, Pan-Zhou, and Tao-Vu, with the last moment condition being removed in a paper of myself, Van Vu, and Manjunath Krishnapur.

At present, the known methods used to establish the circular law for general ensembles rely very heavily on the joint independence of all the entries. It is a key challenge to see how to weaken this joint independence assumption.