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Igor Rodnianski and I have just uploaded to the arXiv our paper “Effective limiting absorption principles, and applications“, submitted to Communications in Mathematical Physics. In this paper we derive limiting absorption principles (of type discussed in this recent post) for a general class of Schrödinger operators ${H = -\Delta + V}$ on a wide class of manifolds, namely the asymptotically conic manifolds. The precise definition of such manifolds is somewhat technical, but they include as a special case the asymptotically flat manifolds, which in turn include as a further special case the smooth compact perturbations of Euclidean space ${{\bf R}^n}$ (i.e. the smooth Riemannian manifolds that are identical to ${{\bf R}^n}$ outside of a compact set). The potential ${V}$ is assumed to be a short range potential, which roughly speaking means that it decays faster than ${1/|x|}$ as ${x \rightarrow \infty}$; for several of the applications (particularly at very low energies) we need to in fact assume that ${V}$ is a strongly short range potential, which roughly speaking means that it decays faster than ${1/|x|^2}$.

To begin with, we make no hypotheses about the topology or geodesic geometry of the manifold ${M}$; in particular, we allow ${M}$ to be trapping in the sense that it contains geodesic flows that do not escape to infinity, but instead remain trapped in a bounded subset of ${M}$. We also allow the potential ${V}$ to be signed, which in particular allows bound states (eigenfunctions of negative energy) to be created. For standard technical reasons we restrict attention to dimensions three and higher: ${d \geq 3}$.

It is well known that such Schrödinger operators ${H}$ are essentially self-adjoint, and their spectrum consists of purely absolutely continuous spectrum on ${(0,+\infty)}$, together with possibly some eigenvalues at zero and negative energy (and at zero energy and in dimensions three and four, there are also the possibility of resonances which, while not strictly eigenvalues, have a somewhat analogous effect on the dynamics of the Laplacian and related objects, such as resolvents). In particular, the resolvents ${R(\lambda \pm i\epsilon) := (H - \lambda \mp i\epsilon)^{-1}}$ make sense as bounded operators on ${L^2(M)}$ for any ${\lambda \in {\bf R}}$ and ${\epsilon > 0}$. As discussed in the previous blog post, it is of interest to obtain bounds for the behaviour of these resolvents, as this can then be used via some functional calculus manipulations to obtain control on many other operators and PDE relating to the Schrödinger operator ${H}$, such as the Helmholtz equation, the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and the wave equation. In particular, it is of interest to obtain limiting absorption estimates such as

$\displaystyle \| R(\lambda \pm i\epsilon) f \|_{H^{0,-1/2-\sigma}(M)} \leq C(M,V,\lambda,\sigma) \| f \|_{H^{0,1/2+\sigma}(M)} \ \ \ \ \ (1)$

for ${\lambda \in {\bf R}}$ (and particularly in the positive energy regime ${\lambda>0}$), where ${\sigma,\epsilon > 0}$ and ${f}$ is an arbitrary test function. The constant ${C(M,V,\lambda,\sigma)}$ needs to be independent of ${\epsilon}$ for such estimates to be truly useful, but it is also of interest to determine the extent to which these constants depend on ${M}$, ${V}$, and ${\lambda}$. The dependence on ${\sigma}$ is relatively uninteresting and henceforth we will suppress it. In particular, our paper focused to a large extent on quantitative methods that could give effective bounds on ${C(M,V,\lambda)}$ in terms of quantities such as the magnitude ${A}$ of the potential ${V}$ in a suitable norm.

It turns out to be convenient to distinguish between three regimes:

• The high-energy regime ${\lambda \gg 1}$;
• The medium-energy regime ${\lambda \sim 1}$; and
• The low-energy regime ${0 < \lambda \ll 1}$.

Our methods actually apply more or less uniformly to all three regimes, but the nature of the conclusions is quite different in each of the three regimes.

The high-energy regime ${\lambda \gg 1}$ was essentially worked out by Burq, although we give an independent treatment of Burq’s results here. In this regime it turns out that we have an unconditional estimate of the form (1) with a constant of the shape

$\displaystyle C(M,V,\lambda) = C(M,A) e^{C(M,A) \sqrt{\lambda}}$

where ${C(M,A)}$ is a constant that depends only on ${M}$ and on a parameter ${A}$ that controls the size of the potential ${V}$. This constant, while exponentially growing, is still finite, which among other things is enough to rule out the possibility that ${H}$ contains eigenfunctions (i.e. point spectrum) embedded in the high-energy portion of the spectrum. As is well known, if ${M}$ contains a certain type of trapped geodesic (in particular those arising from positively curved portions of the manifold, such as the equator of a sphere), then it is possible to construct pseudomodes ${f}$ that show that this sort of exponential growth is necessary. On the other hand, if we make the non-trapping hypothesis that all geodesics in ${M}$ escape to infinity, then we can obtain a much stronger high-energy limiting absorption estimate, namely

$\displaystyle C(M,V,\lambda,\sigma) = C(M,A) \lambda^{-1/2}.$

The exponent ${1/2}$ here is closely related to the standard fact that on non-trapping manifolds, there is a local smoothing effect for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation that gains half a derivative of regularity (cf. previous blog post). In the high-energy regime, the dynamics are well-approximated by semi-classical methods, and in particular one can use tools such as the positive commutator method and pseudo-differential calculus to obtain the desired estimates. In case of trapping one also needs the standard technique of Carleman inequalities to control the compact (and possibly trapping) core of the manifold, and in particular needing the delicate two-weight Carleman inequalities of Burq.

In the medium and low energy regimes one needs to work harder. In the medium energy regime ${\lambda \sim 1}$, we were able to obtain a uniform bound

$\displaystyle C(M,V,\lambda) \leq C(M,A)$

for all asymptotically conic manifolds (trapping or not) and all short-range potentials. To establish this bound, we have to supplement the existing tools of the positive commutator method and Carleman inequalities with an additional ODE-type analysis of various energies of the solution ${u = R(\lambda \pm i\epsilon) f}$ to a Helmholtz equation on large spheres, as will be discussed in more detail below the fold.

The methods also extend to the low-energy regime ${0 < \lambda \ll 1}$. Here, the bounds become somewhat interesting, with a subtle distinction between effective estimates that are uniform over all potentials ${V}$ which are bounded in a suitable sense by a parameter ${A}$ (e.g. obeying ${|V(x)| \leq A \langle x \rangle^{-2-2\sigma}}$ for all ${x}$), and ineffective estimates that exploit qualitative properties of ${V}$ (such as the absence of eigenfunctions or resonances at zero) and are thus not uniform over ${V}$. On the effective side, and for potentials that are strongly short range (at least at local scales ${|x| = O(\lambda^{-1/2})}$; one can tolerate merely short-range behaviour at more global scales, but this is a technicality that we will not discuss further here) we were able to obtain a polynomial bound of the form

$\displaystyle C(M,V,\lambda) \leq C(M,A) \lambda^{-C(M,A)}$

that blew up at a large polynomial rate at the origin. Furthermore, by carefully designing a sequence of potentials ${V}$ that induce near-eigenfunctions that resemble two different Bessel functions of the radial variable glued together, we are able to show that this type of polynomial bound is sharp in the following sense: given any constant ${C > 0}$, there exists a sequence ${V_n}$ of potentials on Euclidean space ${{\bf R}^d}$ uniformly bounded by ${A}$, and a sequence ${\lambda_n}$ of energies going to zero, such that

$\displaystyle C({\bf R}^d,V_n,\lambda_n) \geq \lambda_n^{-C}.$

This shows that if one wants bounds that are uniform in the potential ${V}$, then arbitrary polynomial blowup is necessary.

Interestingly, though, if we fix the potential ${V}$, and then ask for bounds that are not necessarily uniform in ${V}$, then one can do better, as was already observed in a classic paper of Jensen and Kato concerning power series expansions of the resolvent near the origin. In particular, if we make the spectral assumption that ${V}$ has no eigenfunctions or resonances at zero, then an argument (based on (a variant of) the Fredholm alternative, which as discussed in this recent blog post gives ineffective bounds) gives a bound of the form

$\displaystyle C(M,V,\lambda) \leq C(M,V) \lambda^{-1/2}$

in the low-energy regime (but note carefully here that the constant ${C(M,V)}$ on the right-hand side depends on the potential ${V}$ itself, and not merely on the parameter ${A}$ that upper bounds it). Even if there are eigenvalues or resonances, it turns out that one can still obtain a similar bound but with an exponent of ${\lambda^{-3/2}}$ instead of ${\lambda^{-1/2}}$. This limited blowup at infinity is in sharp contrast to the arbitrarily large polynomial blowup rate that can occur if one demands uniform bounds. (This particular subtlety between uniform and non-uniform estimates confused us, by the way, for several weeks; for a long time we thought that we had somehow found a contradiction between our results and the results of Jensen and Kato.)

As applications of our limiting absorption estimates, we give local smoothing and dispersive estimates for solutions (as well as the closely related RAGE type theorems) to the time-dependent Schrödinger and wave equations, and also reprove standard facts about the spectrum of Schrödinger operators in this setting.

Perhaps the most fundamental differential operator on Euclidean space ${{\bf R}^d}$ is the Laplacian

$\displaystyle \Delta := \sum_{j=1}^d \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_j^2}.$

The Laplacian is a linear translation-invariant operator, and as such is necessarily diagonalised by the Fourier transform

$\displaystyle \hat f(\xi) := \int_{{\bf R}^d} f(x) e^{-2\pi i x \cdot \xi}\ dx.$

Indeed, we have

$\displaystyle \widehat{\Delta f}(\xi) = - 4 \pi^2 |\xi|^2 \hat f(\xi)$

for any suitably nice function ${f}$ (e.g. in the Schwartz class; alternatively, one can work in very rough classes, such as the space of tempered distributions, provided of course that one is willing to interpret all operators in a distributional or weak sense).

Because of this explicit diagonalisation, it is a straightforward manner to define spectral multipliers ${m(-\Delta)}$ of the Laplacian for any (measurable, polynomial growth) function ${m: [0,+\infty) \rightarrow {\bf C}}$, by the formula

$\displaystyle \widehat{m(-\Delta) f}(\xi) := m( 4\pi^2 |\xi|^2 ) \hat f(\xi).$

(The presence of the minus sign in front of the Laplacian has some minor technical advantages, as it makes ${-\Delta}$ positive semi-definite. One can also define spectral multipliers more abstractly from general functional calculus, after establishing that the Laplacian is essentially self-adjoint.) Many of these multipliers are of importance in PDE and analysis, such as the fractional derivative operators ${(-\Delta)^{s/2}}$, the heat propagators ${e^{t\Delta}}$, the (free) Schrödinger propagators ${e^{it\Delta}}$, the wave propagators ${e^{\pm i t \sqrt{-\Delta}}}$ (or ${\cos(t \sqrt{-\Delta})}$ and ${\frac{\sin(t\sqrt{-\Delta})}{\sqrt{-\Delta}}}$, depending on one’s conventions), the spectral projections ${1_I(\sqrt{-\Delta})}$, the Bochner-Riesz summation operators ${(1 + \frac{\Delta}{4\pi^2 R^2})_+^\delta}$, or the resolvents ${R(z) := (-\Delta-z)^{-1}}$.

Each of these families of multipliers are related to the others, by means of various integral transforms (and also, in some cases, by analytic continuation). For instance:

1. Using the Laplace transform, one can express (sufficiently smooth) multipliers in terms of heat operators. For instance, using the identity

$\displaystyle \lambda^{s/2} = \frac{1}{\Gamma(-s/2)} \int_0^\infty t^{-1-s/2} e^{-t\lambda}\ dt$

(using analytic continuation if necessary to make the right-hand side well-defined), with ${\Gamma}$ being the Gamma function, we can write the fractional derivative operators in terms of heat kernels:

$\displaystyle (-\Delta)^{s/2} = \frac{1}{\Gamma(-s/2)} \int_0^\infty t^{-1-s/2} e^{t\Delta}\ dt. \ \ \ \ \ (1)$

2. Using analytic continuation, one can connect heat operators ${e^{t\Delta}}$ to Schrödinger operators ${e^{it\Delta}}$, a process also known as Wick rotation. Analytic continuation is a notoriously unstable process, and so it is difficult to use analytic continuation to obtain any quantitative estimates on (say) Schrödinger operators from their heat counterparts; however, this procedure can be useful for propagating identities from one family to another. For instance, one can derive the fundamental solution for the Schrödinger equation from the fundamental solution for the heat equation by this method.
3. Using the Fourier inversion formula, one can write general multipliers as integral combinations of Schrödinger or wave propagators; for instance, if ${z}$ lies in the upper half plane ${{\bf H} := \{ z \in {\bf C}: \hbox{Im} z > 0 \}}$, one has

$\displaystyle \frac{1}{x-z} = i\int_0^\infty e^{-itx} e^{itz}\ dt$

for any real number ${x}$, and thus we can write resolvents in terms of Schrödinger propagators:

$\displaystyle R(z) = i\int_0^\infty e^{it\Delta} e^{itz}\ dt. \ \ \ \ \ (2)$

In a similar vein, if ${k \in {\bf H}}$, then

$\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2-k^2} = \frac{i}{k} \int_0^\infty \cos(tx) e^{ikt}\ dt$

for any ${x>0}$, so one can also write resolvents in terms of wave propagators:

$\displaystyle R(k^2) = \frac{i}{k} \int_0^\infty \cos(t\sqrt{-\Delta}) e^{ikt}\ dt. \ \ \ \ \ (3)$

4. Using the Cauchy integral formula, one can express (sufficiently holomorphic) multipliers in terms of resolvents (or limits of resolvents). For instance, if ${t > 0}$, then from the Cauchy integral formula (and Jordan’s lemma) one has

$\displaystyle e^{itx} = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \int_{\bf R} \frac{e^{ity}}{y-x+i\epsilon}\ dy$

for any ${x \in {\bf R}}$, and so one can (formally, at least) write Schrödinger propagators in terms of resolvents:

$\displaystyle e^{-it\Delta} = - \frac{1}{2\pi i} \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \int_{\bf R} e^{ity} R(y+i\epsilon)\ dy. \ \ \ \ \ (4)$

5. The imaginary part of ${\frac{1}{\pi} \frac{1}{x-(y+i\epsilon)}}$ is the Poisson kernel ${\frac{\epsilon}{\pi} \frac{1}{(y-x)^2+\epsilon^2}}$, which is an approximation to the identity. As a consequence, for any reasonable function ${m(x)}$, one has (formally, at least)

$\displaystyle m(x) = \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{\bf R} (\hbox{Im} \frac{1}{x-(y+i\epsilon)}) m(y)\ dy$

which leads (again formally) to the ability to express arbitrary multipliers in terms of imaginary (or skew-adjoint) parts of resolvents:

$\displaystyle m(-\Delta) = \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} \frac{1}{\pi} \int_{\bf R} (\hbox{Im} R(y+i\epsilon)) m(y)\ dy. \ \ \ \ \ (5)$

Among other things, this type of formula (with ${-\Delta}$ replaced by a more general self-adjoint operator) is used in the resolvent-based approach to the spectral theorem (by using the limiting imaginary part of resolvents to build spectral measure). Note that one can also express ${\hbox{Im} R(y+i\epsilon)}$ as ${\frac{1}{2i} (R(y+i\epsilon) - R(y-i\epsilon))}$.

Remark 1 The ability of heat operators, Schrödinger propagators, wave propagators, or resolvents to generate other spectral multipliers can be viewed as a sort of manifestation of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem (though with the caveat that the spectrum of the Laplacian is non-compact and so the Stone-Weierstrass theorem does not directly apply). Indeed, observe the *-algebra type properties

$\displaystyle e^{s\Delta} e^{t\Delta} = e^{(s+t)\Delta}; \quad (e^{s\Delta})^* = e^{s\Delta}$

$\displaystyle e^{is\Delta} e^{it\Delta} = e^{i(s+t)\Delta}; \quad (e^{is\Delta})^* = e^{-is\Delta}$

$\displaystyle e^{is\sqrt{-\Delta}} e^{it\sqrt{-\Delta}} = e^{i(s+t)\sqrt{-\Delta}}; \quad (e^{is\sqrt{-\Delta}})^* = e^{-is\sqrt{-\Delta}}$

$\displaystyle R(z) R(w) = \frac{R(w)-R(z)}{z-w}; \quad R(z)^* = R(\overline{z}).$

Because of these relationships, it is possible (in principle, at least), to leverage one’s understanding one family of spectral multipliers to gain control on another family of multipliers. For instance, the fact that the heat operators ${e^{t\Delta}}$ have non-negative kernel (a fact which can be seen from the maximum principle, or from the Brownian motion interpretation of the heat kernels) implies (by (1)) that the fractional integral operators ${(-\Delta)^{-s/2}}$ for ${s>0}$ also have non-negative kernel. Or, the fact that the wave equation enjoys finite speed of propagation (and hence that the wave propagators ${\cos(t\sqrt{-\Delta})}$ have distributional convolution kernel localised to the ball of radius ${|t|}$ centred at the origin), can be used (by (3)) to show that the resolvents ${R(k^2)}$ have a convolution kernel that is essentially localised to the ball of radius ${O( 1 / |\hbox{Im}(k)| )}$ around the origin.

In this post, I would like to continue this theme by using the resolvents ${R(z) = (-\Delta-z)^{-1}}$ to control other spectral multipliers. These resolvents are well-defined whenever ${z}$ lies outside of the spectrum ${[0,+\infty)}$ of the operator ${-\Delta}$. In the model three-dimensional case ${d=3}$, they can be defined explicitly by the formula

$\displaystyle R(k^2) f(x) = \int_{{\bf R}^3} \frac{e^{ik|x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|} f(y)\ dy$

whenever ${k}$ lives in the upper half-plane ${\{ k \in {\bf C}: \hbox{Im}(k) > 0 \}}$, ensuring the absolute convergence of the integral for test functions ${f}$. (In general dimension, explicit formulas are still available, but involve Bessel functions. But asymptotically at least, and ignoring higher order terms, one simply replaces ${\frac{e^{ik|x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|}}$ by ${\frac{e^{ik|x-y|}}{c_d |x-y|^{d-2}}}$ for some explicit constant ${c_d}$.) It is an instructive exercise to verify that this resolvent indeed inverts the operator ${-\Delta-k^2}$, either by using Fourier analysis or by Green’s theorem.

Henceforth we restrict attention to three dimensions ${d=3}$ for simplicity. One consequence of the above explicit formula is that for positive real ${\lambda > 0}$, the resolvents ${R(\lambda+i\epsilon)}$ and ${R(\lambda-i\epsilon)}$ tend to different limits as ${\epsilon \rightarrow 0}$, reflecting the jump discontinuity in the resolvent function at the spectrum; as one can guess from formulae such as (4) or (5), such limits are of interest for understanding many other spectral multipliers. Indeed, for any test function ${f}$, we see that

$\displaystyle \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} R(\lambda+i\epsilon) f(x) = \int_{{\bf R}^3} \frac{e^{i\sqrt{\lambda}|x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|} f(y)\ dy$

and

$\displaystyle \lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+} R(\lambda-i\epsilon) f(x) = \int_{{\bf R}^3} \frac{e^{-i\sqrt{\lambda}|x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|} f(y)\ dy.$

Both of these functions

$\displaystyle u_\pm(x) := \int_{{\bf R}^3} \frac{e^{\pm i\sqrt{\lambda}|x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|} f(y)\ dy$

solve the Helmholtz equation

$\displaystyle (-\Delta-\lambda) u_\pm = f, \ \ \ \ \ (6)$

but have different asymptotics at infinity. Indeed, if ${\int_{{\bf R}^3} f(y)\ dy = A}$, then we have the asymptotic

$\displaystyle u_\pm(x) = \frac{A e^{\pm i \sqrt{\lambda}|x|}}{4\pi|x|} + O( \frac{1}{|x|^2}) \ \ \ \ \ (7)$

as ${|x| \rightarrow \infty}$, leading also to the Sommerfeld radiation condition

$\displaystyle u_\pm(x) = O(\frac{1}{|x|}); \quad (\partial_r \mp i\sqrt{\lambda}) u_\pm(x) = O( \frac{1}{|x|^2}) \ \ \ \ \ (8)$

where ${\partial_r := \frac{x}{|x|} \cdot \nabla_x}$ is the outgoing radial derivative. Indeed, one can show using an integration by parts argument that ${u_\pm}$ is the unique solution of the Helmholtz equation (6) obeying (8) (see below). ${u_+}$ is known as the outward radiating solution of the Helmholtz equation (6), and ${u_-}$ is known as the inward radiating solution. Indeed, if one views the function ${u_\pm(t,x) := e^{-i\lambda t} u_\pm(x)}$ as a solution to the inhomogeneous Schrödinger equation

$\displaystyle (i\partial_t + \Delta) u_\pm = - e^{-i\lambda t} f$

and using the de Broglie law that a solution to such an equation with wave number ${k \in {\bf R}^3}$ (i.e. resembling ${A e^{i k \cdot x}}$ for some amplitide ${A}$) should propagate at (group) velocity ${2k}$, we see (heuristically, at least) that the outward radiating solution will indeed propagate radially away from the origin at speed ${2\sqrt{\lambda}}$, while inward radiating solution propagates inward at the same speed.

There is a useful quantitative version of the convergence

$\displaystyle R(\lambda \pm i\epsilon) f \rightarrow u_\pm, \ \ \ \ \ (9)$

known as the limiting absorption principle:

Theorem 1 (Limiting absorption principle) Let ${f}$ be a test function on ${{\bf R}^3}$, let ${\lambda > 0}$, and let ${\sigma > 0}$. Then one has

$\displaystyle \| R(\lambda \pm i\epsilon) f \|_{H^{0,-1/2-\sigma}({\bf R}^3)} \leq C_\sigma \lambda^{-1/2} \|f\|_{H^{0,1/2+\sigma}({\bf R}^3)}$

for all ${\epsilon > 0}$, where ${C_\sigma > 0}$ depends only on ${\sigma}$, and ${H^{0,s}({\bf R}^3)}$ is the weighted norm

$\displaystyle \|f\|_{H^{0,s}({\bf R}^3)} := \| \langle x \rangle^s f \|_{L^2_x({\bf R}^3)}$

and ${\langle x \rangle := (1+|x|^2)^{1/2}}$.

This principle allows one to extend the convergence (9) from test functions ${f}$ to all functions in the weighted space ${H^{0,1/2+\sigma}}$ by a density argument (though the radiation condition (8) has to be adapted suitably for this scale of spaces when doing so). The weighted space ${H^{0,-1/2-\sigma}}$ on the left-hand side is optimal, as can be seen from the asymptotic (7); a duality argument similarly shows that the weighted space ${H^{0,1/2+\sigma}}$ on the right-hand side is also optimal.

We prove this theorem below the fold. As observed long ago by Kato (and also reproduced below), this estimate is equivalent (via a Fourier transform in the spectral variable ${\lambda}$) to a useful estimate for the free Schrödinger equation known as the local smoothing estimate, which in particular implies the well-known RAGE theorem for that equation; it also has similar consequences for the free wave equation. As we shall see, it also encodes some spectral information about the Laplacian; for instance, it can be used to show that the Laplacian has no eigenvalues, resonances, or singular continuous spectrum. These spectral facts are already obvious from the Fourier transform representation of the Laplacian, but the point is that the limiting absorption principle also applies to more general operators for which the explicit diagonalisation afforded by the Fourier transform is not available. (Igor Rodnianski and I are working on a paper regarding this topic, of which I hope to say more about soon.)

In order to illustrate the main ideas and suppress technical details, I will be a little loose with some of the rigorous details of the arguments, and in particular will be manipulating limits and integrals at a somewhat formal level.