You are currently browsing the monthly archive for December 2016.

I just learned (from Emmanuel Kowalski’s blog) that the AMS has just started a repository of open-access mathematics lecture notes.  There are only a few such sets of notes there at present, but hopefully it will grow in the future; I just submitted some old lecture notes of mine from an undergraduate linear algebra course I taught in 2002 (with some updating of format and fixing of various typos).

[Update, Dec 22: my own notes are now on the repository.]

I’ve just uploaded to the arXiv my paper Finite time blowup for a supercritical defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger system, submitted to Analysis and PDE. This paper is an analogue of a recent paper of mine in which I constructed a supercritical defocusing nonlinear wave (NLW) system ${-\partial_{tt} u + \Delta u = (\nabla F)(u)}$ which exhibited smooth solutions that developed singularities in finite time. Here, we achieve essentially the same conclusion for the (inhomogeneous) supercritical defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation

$\displaystyle i \partial_t u + \Delta u = (\nabla F)(u) + G \ \ \ \ \ (1)$

where ${u: {\bf R} \times {\bf R}^d \rightarrow {\bf C}^m}$ is now a system of scalar fields, ${F: {\bf C}^m \rightarrow {\bf R}}$ is a potential which is strictly positive and homogeneous of degree ${p+1}$ (and invariant under phase rotations ${u \mapsto e^{i\theta} u}$), and ${G: {\bf R} \times {\bf R}^d \rightarrow {\bf C}^m}$ is a smooth compactly supported forcing term, needed for technical reasons.

To oversimplify somewhat, the equation (1) is known to be globally regular in the energy-subcritical case when ${d \leq 2}$, or when ${d \geq 3}$ and ${p < 1+\frac{4}{d-2}}$; global regularity is also known (but is significantly more difficult to establish) in the energy-critical case when ${d \geq 3}$ and ${p = 1 +\frac{4}{d-2}}$. (This is an oversimplification for a number of reasons, in particular in higher dimensions one only knows global well-posedness instead of global regularity. See this previous post for some exploration of this issue in the context of nonlinear wave equations.) The main result of this paper is to show that global regularity can break down in the remaining energy-supercritical case when ${d \geq 3}$ and ${p > 1 + \frac{4}{d-2}}$, at least when the target dimension ${m}$ is allowed to be sufficiently large depending on the spatial dimension ${d}$ (I did not try to achieve the optimal value of ${m}$ here, but the argument gives a value of ${m}$ that grows quadratically in ${d}$). Unfortunately, this result does not directly impact the most interesting case of the defocusing scalar NLS equation

$\displaystyle i \partial_t u + \Delta u = |u|^{p-1} u \ \ \ \ \ (2)$

in which ${m=1}$; however it does establish a rigorous barrier to any attempt to prove global regularity for the scalar NLS equation, in that such an attempt needs to crucially use some property of the scalar NLS that is not shared by the more general systems in (1). For instance, any approach that is primarily based on the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy (which are common to both (1) and (2)) will not be sufficient to establish global regularity of supercritical defocusing scalar NLS.

The method of proof in this paper is broadly similar to that in the previous paper for NLW, but with a number of additional technical complications. Both proofs begin by reducing matters to constructing a discretely self-similar solution. In the case of NLW, this solution lived on a forward light cone ${\{ (t,x): |x| \leq t \}}$ and obeyed a self-similarity

$\displaystyle u(2t, 2x) = 2^{-\frac{2}{p-1}} u(t,x).$

The ability to restrict to a light cone arose from the finite speed of propagation properties of NLW. For NLS, the solution will instead live on the domain

$\displaystyle H_d := ([0,+\infty) \times {\bf R}^d) \backslash \{(0,0)\}$

and obey a parabolic self-similarity

$\displaystyle u(4t, 2x) = 2^{-\frac{2}{p-1}} u(t,x)$

and solve the homogeneous version ${G=0}$ of (1). (The inhomogeneity ${G}$ emerges when one truncates the self-similar solution so that the initial data is compactly supported in space.) A key technical point is that ${u}$ has to be smooth everywhere in ${H_d}$, including the boundary component ${\{ (0,x): x \in {\bf R}^d \backslash \{0\}\}}$. This unfortunately rules out many of the existing constructions of self-similar solutions, which typically will have some sort of singularity at the spatial origin.

The remaining steps of the argument can broadly be described as quantifier elimination: one systematically eliminates each of the degrees of freedom of the problem in turn by locating the necessary and sufficient conditions required of the remaining degrees of freedom in order for the constraints of a particular degree of freedom to be satisfiable. The first such degree of freedom to eliminate is the potential function ${F}$. The task here is to determine what constraints must exist on a putative solution ${u}$ in order for there to exist a (positive, homogeneous, smooth away from origin) potential ${F}$ obeying the homogeneous NLS equation

$\displaystyle i \partial_t u + \Delta u = (\nabla F)(u).$

Firstly, the requirement that ${F}$ be homogeneous implies the Euler identity

$\displaystyle \langle (\nabla F)(u), u \rangle = (p+1) F(u)$

(where ${\langle,\rangle}$ denotes the standard real inner product on ${{\bf C}^m}$), while the requirement that ${F}$ be phase invariant similarly yields the variant identity

$\displaystyle \langle (\nabla F)(u), iu \rangle = 0,$

so if one defines the potential energy field to be ${V = F(u)}$, we obtain from the chain rule the equations

$\displaystyle \langle i \partial_t u + \Delta u, u \rangle = (p+1) V$

$\displaystyle \langle i \partial_t u + \Delta u, iu \rangle = 0$

$\displaystyle \langle i \partial_t u + \Delta u, \partial_t u \rangle = \partial_t V$

$\displaystyle \langle i \partial_t u + \Delta u, \partial_{x_j} u \rangle = \partial_{x_j} V.$

Conversely, it turns out (roughly speaking) that if one can locate fields ${u}$ and ${V}$ obeying the above equations (as well as some other technical regularity and non-degeneracy conditions), then one can find an ${F}$ with all the required properties. The first of these equations can be thought of as a definition of the potential energy field ${V}$, and the other three equations are basically disguised versions of the conservation laws of mass, energy, and momentum respectively. The construction of ${F}$ relies on a classical extension theorem of Seeley that is a relative of the Whitney extension theorem.

Now that the potential ${F}$ is eliminated, the next degree of freedom to eliminate is the solution field ${u}$. One can observe that the above equations involving ${u}$ and ${V}$ can be expressed instead in terms of ${V}$ and the Gram-type matrix ${G[u,u]}$ of ${u}$, which is a ${(2d+4) \times (2d+4)}$ matrix consisting of the inner products ${\langle D_1 u, D_2 u \rangle}$ where ${D_1,D_2}$ range amongst the ${2d+4}$ differential operators

$\displaystyle D_1,D_2 \in \{ 1, i, \partial_t, i\partial_t, \partial_{x_1},\dots,\partial_{x_d}, i\partial_{x_1}, \dots, i\partial_{x_d}\}.$

To eliminate ${u}$, one thus needs to answer the question of what properties are required of a ${(2d+4) \times (2d+4)}$ matrix ${G}$ for it to be the Gram-type matrix ${G = G[u,u]}$ of a field ${u}$. Amongst some obvious necessary conditions are that ${G}$ needs to be symmetric and positive semi-definite; there are also additional constraints coming from identities such as

$\displaystyle \partial_t \langle u, u \rangle = 2 \langle u, \partial_t u \rangle$

$\displaystyle \langle i u, \partial_t u \rangle = - \langle u, i \partial_t u \rangle$

and

$\displaystyle \partial_{x_j} \langle iu, \partial_{x_k} u \rangle - \partial_{x_k} \langle iu, \partial_{x_j} u \rangle = 2 \langle i \partial_{x_j} u, \partial_{x_k} u \rangle.$

Ideally one would like a theorem that asserts (for ${m}$ large enough) that as long as ${G}$ obeys all of the “obvious” constraints, then there exists a suitably non-degenerate map ${u}$ such that ${G = G[u,u]}$. In the case of NLW, the analogous claim was basically a consequence of the Nash embedding theorem (which can be viewed as a theorem about the solvability of the system of equations ${\langle \partial_{x_j} u, \partial_{x_k} u \rangle = g_{jk}}$ for a given positive definite symmetric set of fields ${g_{jk}}$). However, the presence of the complex structure in the NLS case poses some significant technical challenges (note for instance that the naive complex version of the Nash embedding theorem is false, due to obstructions such as Liouville’s theorem that prevent a compact complex manifold from being embeddable holomorphically in ${{\bf C}^m}$). Nevertheless, by adapting the proof of the Nash embedding theorem (in particular, the simplified proof of Gunther that avoids the need to use the Nash-Moser iteration scheme) we were able to obtain a partial complex analogue of the Nash embedding theorem that sufficed for our application; it required an artificial additional “curl-free” hypothesis on the Gram-type matrix ${G[u,u]}$, but fortunately this hypothesis ends up being automatic in our construction. Also, this version of the Nash embedding theorem is unable to prescribe the component ${\langle \partial_t u, \partial_t u \rangle}$ of the Gram-type matrix ${G[u,u]}$, but fortunately this component is not used in any of the conservation laws and so the loss of this component does not cause any difficulty.

After applying the above-mentioned Nash-embedding theorem, the task is now to locate a matrix ${G}$ obeying all the hypotheses of that theorem, as well as the conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy (after defining the potential energy field ${V}$ in terms of ${G}$). This is quite a lot of fields and constraints, but one can cut down significantly on the degrees of freedom by requiring that ${G}$ is spherically symmetric (in a tensorial sense) and also continuously self-similar (not just discretely self-similar). Note that this hypothesis is weaker than the assertion that the original field ${u}$ is spherically symmetric and continuously self-similar; indeed we do not know if non-trivial solutions of this type actually exist. These symmetry hypotheses reduce the number of independent components of the ${(2d+4) \times (2d+4)}$ matrix ${G}$ to just six: ${g_{1,1}, g_{1,i\partial_t}, g_{1,i\partial_r}, g_{\partial_r, \partial_r}, g_{\partial_\omega, \partial_\omega}, g_{\partial_r, \partial_t}}$, which now take as their domain the ${1+1}$-dimensional space

$\displaystyle H_1 := ([0,+\infty) \times {\bf R}) \backslash \{(0,0)\}.$

One now has to construct these six fields, together with a potential energy field ${v}$, that obey a number of constraints, notably some positive definiteness constraints as well as the aforementioned conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy.

The field ${g_{1,i\partial_t}}$ only arises in the equation for the potential ${v}$ (coming from Euler’s identity) and can easily be eliminated. Similarly, the field ${g_{\partial_r,\partial_t}}$ only makes an appearance in the current of the energy conservation law, and so can also be easily eliminated so long as the total energy is conserved. But in the energy-supercritical case, the total energy is infinite, and so it is relatively easy to eliminate the field ${g_{\partial_r, \partial_t}}$ from the problem also. This leaves us with the task of constructing just five fields ${g_{1,1}, g_{1,i\partial_r}, g_{\partial_r,\partial_r}, g_{\partial_\omega,\partial_\omega}, v}$ obeying a number of positivity conditions, symmetry conditions, regularity conditions, and conservation laws for mass and momentum.

The potential field ${v}$ can effectively be absorbed into the angular stress field ${g_{\partial_\omega,\partial_\omega}}$ (after placing an appropriate counterbalancing term in the radial stress field ${g_{\partial_r, \partial_r}}$ so as not to disrupt the conservation laws), so we can also eliminate this field. The angular stress field ${g_{\partial_\omega, \partial_\omega}}$ is then only constrained through the momentum conservation law and a requirement of positivity; one can then eliminate this field by converting the momentum conservation law from an equality to an inequality. Finally, the radial stress field ${g_{\partial_r, \partial_r}}$ is also only constrained through a positive definiteness constraint and the momentum conservation inequality, so it can also be eliminated from the problem after some further modification of the momentum conservation inequality.

The task then reduces to locating just two fields ${g_{1,1}, g_{1,i\partial_r}}$ that obey a mass conservation law

$\displaystyle \partial_t g_{1,1} = 2 \left(\partial_r + \frac{d-1}{r} \right) g_{1,i\partial r}$

together with an additional inequality that is the remnant of the momentum conservation law. One can solve for the mass conservation law in terms of a single scalar field ${W}$ using the ansatz

$\displaystyle g_{1,1} = 2 r^{1-d} \partial_r (r^d W)$

$\displaystyle g_{1,i\partial_r} = r^{1-d} \partial_t (r^d W)$

so the problem has finally been simplified to the task of locating a single scalar field ${W}$ with some scaling and homogeneity properties that obeys a certain differential inequality relating to momentum conservation. This turns out to be possible by explicitly writing down a specific scalar field ${W}$ using some asymptotic parameters and cutoff functions.