An introduction to measure theory

Last updated: Dec 28, 2020

An introduction to measure theory
Terence Tao

2011; 206 pp; hardcover

ISBN-10: 0-8218-6919-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-8218-6919-2
Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 126

This continues my series of books derived from my blog. The preceding books in this series were “Structure and Randomness“, “Poincaré’s legacies“, and “An epsilon of room“. It is based primarily on these lecture notes.

An online version of the text can be found here. The official AMS page for the book is here. There is no solution guide for this text.

The book has been reviewed for the American Mathematical Monthly by Takis Konstantopoulos, and also reviewed for the Mathematical Association of America by Mihaela Poplicher.

Errata:

Page 2: In the first paragraph, “same area” should be “same measure”.
Page 6: In Remark 1.1.3, “Exercise!” should be “exercise!”.
Page 8: In the first paragraph, “or even a rotated box” should be a separate sentence: “A rectangle with sides parallel to the axes is elementary, but most rotations of that rectangle will not be.”
Page 10: In Exercise 1.1.14, “epsilon entropy” is a slightly more accurate description here than “metric entropy”.
Page 11: In Exercise 1.1.19, add “Generalise this result to the case when $F$ is Jordan measurable instead of elementary”.
Page 14: In Exercise 1.1.24(3), “Jordan measurable of” should be “Jordan measurable subset of”.
Page 15: In Section 1.2, (iii), “inner and Jordan outer” should be “Jordan inner and outer”.
Page 17: Exercise 1.1.13 should be Exercise 1.1.5. In the last paragraph, “In the notes below” should be “In the rest of this section”.
Page 20: In the first paragraph, “Vol I” should be “Vol. I”
Page 21 Remark 1.2.7: “proof this” should be “proof of this”.
Page 27: In the proof of Lemma 1.2.13(v), (iv) should be (vi). In the proof of Lemma 1.2.13(vi), the phrases “By countable additivity” and “this implies that $\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty E_n$ is contained $\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty U_n$ ” should be interchanged.
Page 29: In the hint for Exercise 1.2.10: “conclude that $[0,1)$ is homeomorphic …” should be “conclude that the set of endpoints of the intervals is homeomorphic …”.
Page 32: In Exercise 1.2.13(ii), insert “Let $E_n$ , $E$ be as in part (i).”
Page 34: In Exercise 1.2.22(i), “Lebesgue measure” should be “Lebesgue outer measure”.
Page 35: In Exercise 1.2.24(i), “a equivalence” should be “an equivalence”.
Page 36: In Exercise 1.2.25 and the following paragraph, “continuously differentiable” may be weakened to “Lipschitz continuous”.
Page 40: Near the end of the second paragraph, the reference to $h$ should be deleted.
Page 42: On line 12, “indicator function of these sets” should be “indicator functions of these sets”. In Definition 1.3.3, “a unsigned” should be “an unsigned”.
Page 45: In Definition 1.3.6, “said to be absolutely integrable of” should be “said to be absolutely integrable if”. Before this definition, “absolutely Lebesgue” should be “absolutely convergent Lebesgue”.
Page 46: In the hint for Exercise 1.3.2, “the second inequality” should be “the second equality”.
Page 52: In Exercise 1.3.8, both (iii) and (iv): “an” should be “a”. After Exercise 1.3.8, add the following question: Suppose that $f: {\bf R}^d \to {\bf C}$ is measurable, and $T: {\bf R}^{d'} \to {\bf R}^{d}$ is a surjective linear map. Show that $f \circ T: {\bf R}^{d'} \to {\bf C}$ is also measurable. (Hint: uses Exercises 1.2.21 and 1.2.22.) What happens if the requirement that $T$ be surjective is dropped?”.
Page 58: In Exercise 1.3.21, “greatest integer less than” should be “greatest integer less than or equal to”.
Page 60: At the end of Theorem 1.3.20, add “We call a function compactly supported if its support is contained in a compact set.”
Page 64: In the proof of Theorem 1.3.28, $2^{n+1}$ and $2^{n-1}$ should both be $2^n$ , $\varepsilon/2$ should be $\varepsilon$ , and the sentence fragment “, and the same is true for local uniform limits (because continuity is a local property)” should be deleted.
Page 67: In Definition 1.4.1, “ $B$ of $X$ ” should be “ $B$ of subsets of $X$ “. “a sub-algebra of” should be moved from the fragment “ ${\mathcal B}'$ is finer than…” to “ ${\mathcal B}$ is coarser than”.
Page 68, Example 1.4.7: “finer… atomic algebra” should be “finer … atomic algebras”. At the end of Example 1.4.4, the period should be outside the parenthesis.
Page 70, Exercise 1.4.9, (ii): “either” should be “are either”.
Page 72, line 1: “only holds if and only if” should be “holds if and only if”.
Page 73, Remark 1.4.17: “so that $\langle {\mathcal F} \rangle$ ” should be “so that $\langle {\mathcal F}$ is the Borel $\sigma$ -algebra”. In Exercise 1.4.15, ${\mathcal F}_{n-1}$ should be ${\mathcal F}_\alpha$ .
Page 74, Section 1.4.3, l. 2: “a sigma-algebra a measurable space” should be “a measurable space”. In Remark 1.4.18, delete the left parenthesis before “Indeed”.
Page 75: In Exercise 1.4.20, “Boolean $\sigma$ -algebra” should be “Boolean algebra”.
Page 77: In Example 1.4.29, “Exercise 1.4.22” should be “Example 1.4.22”.
Page 81: In Definition 1.4.31 and Exercise 1.4.32, “a measurable space $(X, {\mathcal B})$ ” should be “a measure space $(X, {\mathcal B}, \mu)$ “. In Exercise 1.4.33 (iv), the reference to Exercise 1.3.2 instead of Exercise 1.1.2. The definition of almost everywhere should be moved to before Exercise 1.4.31 where it is first used.
Page 83: In Exercise 1.4.35 (ix,x), “Horizontal” and “Vertical” should be interchanged.
Page 84: In the proof of Theorem 1.4.37, “horizontal” and “vertical” should be interchanged.
Page 85: In Exercise 1.4.39, “Exercise 1.4.26” should be “Example 1.4.26”.
Page 86: After Definition 1.4.38, add to the following paragraph “Clearly, this definition…” the sentence “As in that definition, one can extend the integral to measurable functions that are $\mu$ -almost everywhere defined, rather than everywhere defined.”
Page 87: Replace the second half of the last sentence of Example 1.4.40 by “but the support of the $f_n$ are becoming increasingly wide, and so Exercise 1.4.41 does not apply”. In Example 1.4.41, “converges pointwise to $f$ ” should be “converges pointwise to $f := 0$ “.
Page 88: In the proof of Theorem 1.4.43, “vertical truncation” should be “horizontal truncation”.
Page 91: In the first paragraph of the proof of Theorem 1.4.48, $|f_n$ should be $|f_n|$ .
Page 97: The final sentence of Remark 1.5.6 is redundant (it already appears in page 96) and can be deleted.
Page 99: In the fourth line of Section 1.5.2, “a measurable set” should be “an indicator function of a measurable set”.
Page 100: In Exercise 1.5.3(iii), replace the condition after “if and only if” by “ $\min(A_n,\mu(E^*_n)) \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$ “. Similarly in (vi), replace the condition after “if and only if” by “ $\min(A_n,\mu(E_n)) \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$ “. In 1.5.3 (vii) “converges in $L^1$ norm” should be “converges in $L^1$ norm to zero”.
Page 103, Section 1.5.5, line 4: “examples shows” should be “examples show”. In the second paragraph of Section 1.5.5, $g$ should take values in $[0,+\infty]$ , rather than ${\bf C}$ . In Exercise 1.5.9, “using Exercise 1.5.6” should be “using Exercise 1.5.8”.
Page 104: In Exercise 1.5.10, the dominated convergence theorem should be used instead of the monotone convergence theorem.
Page 106: In the second display after (1.17), $\leq \varepsilon \leq$ should just be $\leq$ .
Page 107: In Exercise 1.5.19, a comma is missing between “almost uniformly” and “pointwise”.
Page 108, line 5: a right parenthesis is missing before “is commonly used”. At the start of Section 1.6, add “Throughout this section, the notions of measurability and “almost everywhere” are understood to be with respect to Lebesgue measure.”
Page 112: For Theorem 1.6.11 and Exercise 1.6.5, “definite integral” should be “indefinite integral” (because the endpoint $x$ is allowed to vary).
Page 114 3rd paragraph, line 3: the symbol $F'$ should be an $f$ . In the third display from bottom, $(f_h-f)_h$ should be $(f_h-f)$ . In the proof of Proposition 1.6.13, “Applying Littlewood’s second principle … to … $F'$ ” should be “Applying Littlewood’s second principle … to … $f$ “.
Pages 115-116, Exercise 1.6.9: The second item here should be labeled (ii) (and the third should be labeled (iii)). In Remark 1.6.15, “equal to 2” should be “equal to 4”.
Page 117: In the paragraph after (1.24), “ $h$ is sufficiently close to $x$ ” should be “ $h$ is sufficiently close to $0$ “.
Page 118: In Lemma 1.6.17(ii), $[a,b]$ should be $(a,b]$ , and similarly for the second display after (1.25).
Page 119: Near the bottom of the page, “Corollary 1.6.5” should be “Exercise 1.6.5”. In the second paragraph, replace “but not $b$ ” with “but is disjoint from $[b_n,b]$ (since $F(y) \leq F(b_n) < F(t)$ for all $b_n \leq y \leq b$ )”, and $t_* \in [t,b)$ should be $t_* \in [t,b_n)$ .
Page 120, Exercise 1.6.13: “Lemma 1.6.16” should be “Exercise 1.6.12”, and the hypothesis $\lambda>0$ should be added.
Page 121: Before Exercise 1.6.14, “Lebesgue point for ${\bf R}^d$ ” should be “Lebesgue point for $f$ “.
Page 122: In Remark 1.6.21, the fragment $\geq \lambda \}$ should be deleted. In Theorem 1.6.20, the second integral should be over ${\bf R}^d$ rather than ${\bf R}$ .
Page 124: In the first and second displays, the integrals over ${\bf R}$ should instead be over ${\bf R}^d$ .
Page 125, Exercise 1.6.21: “Besicovich” should be “Besicovitch”; part (i) should be $I_i$ and $I_j$ as opposed to $I_n$ and $I_m$ . In part (ii) of this exercise, $I'_m$ should be $I'_j$ . In the hint for the exercise, “the the” should be “the”. In Exercise 1.6.22, “positive length” should be “positive finite length”. In Exercise 1.6.20, the integral over ${\bf R}$ should instead be over ${\bf R}^d$ .
Page 127: In Exercise 1.6.27(iii), add the parenthetical “In fact one can take $C'_d = 1$ .”
Page 128, Section 1.6.3, line 4: “continuous not differentiable” should be “continuous but not differentiable”. In Exercise 1.6.28(ii), delete “8-dyadic”, and replace “n” with “m” throughout to reduce confusion. Also, replace $\sin(8^n \pi x)$ with $\cos(16^n \pi x)$ , and replace $8$ with $16$ throughout the exercise.
Page 129: In part (iv), “lower right derivative” should be “lower left derivative”. Afterwards, “rather than on the endpoints” should be “rather than on the real line”. After Exercise 1.6.30, “four derivatives” should be “four Dini derivatives”.
Page 130: In the second to last line (in the proof of Lemma 1.6.26), $G(b_n) \leq G(a_n)$ should be $G(b_n) \geq G(a_n)$ . Similarly, on page 132 in the proof of Lemma 1.6.28, $G(-a_n) \leq G(-b_n)$ should be $G(-a_n) \geq G(-b_n)$ .
Page 131-132: $D_-$ and $D_+$ should be $D^-$ and $D^+$ respectively throughout. In the second display, $m(E_{r,R})$ should be $m(E_{r,R} \cap [a,b])$ . At the end of Exercise 1.6.31, add a right parenthesis. In the paragraph preceding Definition 1.6.30, remove the period after Lemma 1.6.26.
Page 133: In the proof of Lemma 1.6.31, $F^+$ should be $F_+$ .
Page 134: On the eighth line: “ $G$ is discontinuous” should be “ $F$ is discontinuous”.
Page 135: Before Definition 1.6.33, “absolutely convergent functions” should be “absolutely integrable functions”. After the first display, “four Dini derivatives” should be “three Dini derivatives”. In Definition 1.6.33, $x_{i+1}$ should be $x_{i-1}$ , and similarly on p. 136, 137.
Page 137: In the second paragraph, “it suffices to (by writing $F = F_+-(F_+-F_-)$ to show that $F_+-F$ ” should be “it suffices (by writing $F = F^+ - (F^+-F)$ ) to show that $F^+-F$ “
Page 141: in the definition (i) after Remark 1.6.38, “contains $x_0$ ” should be “whose closure contains $x_0$ “.
Page 144: In the third paragraph of the proof of the rising sun lemma (Lemma 1.6.17), $b$ should be $b_n$ in the definition of $A$ and in the next two occurrences (i.e. “ $t$ but not $b$ ” should be $t$ but not $b_n$ “, and “ $t_* \in [t,b)$ ” should be $t_* \in [t,b_n)$ “.
Page 145, bottom: “ $f'(x)$ exists” should be “ $F'(x)$ exists”. After Exercise 1.6.52, “ensure the almost everywhere existence” should be “ensure the absolute integrability of the derivative”.
Pages 149-152: In Section 1.7.1, “Caratheodory extension theorem” should be “Caratheodory lemma” throughout.
Page 150, Exercise 1.7.2: “Lebesgue outer measurable” should be ” the Lebesgue outer measure”
Page 151: In the last two displays, and in the first display on the next page, $E_{N+1} \backslash \bigcup_{n=1}^N E_n$ may be simplified to $E_{N+1}$ . In the second paragraph, “a disjoint sequence of” should be “a sequence of disjoint”.
Page 156: In Theorem 1.7.9, $-\infty < b < a < \infty$ should be $-\infty < a < b < \infty$ . In the second paragraph of proof of this theorem, before “, adopting the obvious conventions”, add “to be the required value of ${\mu_F(I)}$ given by (1.33) (e.g., ${|[a,b]|_F = F_+(b)-F_-(a)}$ )”.
Page 157: Before (1.35), replace “By subadditivity, it suffices to show that” with “By finite additivity, we have $\mu_0(E) \geq \sum_{n=1}^N \mu_0(E_n)$ for any $N$ , so it suffices to show that”. In the second display after (1.35), the right-hand side should be $\inf_{U \supset E_n} \mu_0(U)$ rather than $\inf_{U \supset E_n} \mu_0(E_n)$ . In the second and third paragraphs, “Exercise!” should be “exercise!”.
Page 158: Throughout this page, “Exercise!” should be “exercise!”.
Page 159: In Exercise 1.7.13, add a right parenthesis after “absolutely integrable”.
Page 160: In Exercise 1.7.14(ii), “delta functions” should be “Dirac measures” for consistency. In the first line, $-\infty < b < a < \infty$ should be $-\infty < a < b < \infty$ .
Page 161: In Exercise 1.7.18 (i), $latex Y \in B_Y$ should be $F \in B_Y$ . In the second display, $\{ \pi_Y^{-1}(E): E \in {\mathcal B}_Y \}$ should be $\{ \pi_Y^{-1}(F): F \in {\mathcal B}_Y \}$
Page 162: Exercise 1.7.19(ii) is not correct as stated and should be deleted.
Page 163: In the third paragraph of the proof of Proposition 1.7.11, $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \mu(S_n)$ should be $\sum_{ n=1}^\infty \mu_0(S_n)$ .
Page 165, Exercise 1.7.21: Add the line: “In particular, $X \times (Y \times Z)$ and $(X \times Y) \times Z$ are isomorphic as measure spaces and can thus safely be denoted as $X \times Y \times Z$ .” In the definition of a monotone class, “is a collection” should be “to be a collection”. In Example 1.7.13, $({\mathbf R}^d, {\mathcal L}[{\mathbf R}^{d'}])$ should be $({\mathbf R}^{d'}, {\mathcal L}[{\mathbf R}^{d'}])$ . In Exercise 1.7.21, “ $\sigma$ -finite sets” should be “ $\sigma$ -finite measure spaces”.
Page 167: The sentence preceding Theorem 1.7.18 should be deleted.
Page 168, in (1.37), the third integral should have X and Y interchanged (as well as the measures $d\mu_Y(y)$ and $d\mu_X(x)$ ).
Page 169: In Exercise 1.7.22, “the counting measure (…) $\#$ ” should be “the counting measure $\#$ (…)”. In the second line of (1.38), the integral should be over $Y$ rather than $X$ , and $d\mu_X(x)$ should be $d\mu_Y(y)$ . In the seventh line from the bottom, “equal to one for every $y$ ” should be “equal to one for every $x$ “.
Page 170: In Exercise 1.7.23, the right-hand side of the display should read $\int_{[0,1]} (\int_{[0,1]} f(x,y)\ dx)\ dy$ rather than $\int_{[0,1]} (\int_{[0,1]} f(x,y)\ dy)\ dx$ . Also, “exist and are absolutely integrable” should be “exist as absolutely integrable integrals” (two occurrences). In the statement of Theorem 1.7.21(iii), the second appearance of $\int_X (\int_Y f(x,y)\ d\mu_Y(y))\ d\mu_X(x)$ should instead be $\int_Y (\int_X f(x,y)\ d\mu_X(x))\ d\mu_Y(y)$ . In Remark 1.7.22, “ $\sigma$ -finite setting” should be “non- $\sigma$ -finite setting”.
Page 171: In Exercise 1.7.24, “Show that if” should be “Show that”.
Page 175: In the last complete paragraph, “for thus purpose” should be “for this purpose”.
Page 187: In the display before Remark 2.2.3, $h \to {\bf R}^d \backslash \{0\}$ should be $h \in {\bf R}^d \backslash \{0\}$ .
Page 188: After (2.2), $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_0} f$ should just be $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_0}$ .
Page 189: In the second paragraph, a comma is missing between “For $v=0$ ” and “ $E_v$ is clearly”. In the third paragraph, “ $E$ is a null set” should be “ $E_v$ is a null set”. In the fourth paragraph, “ ${\bf Q}^d$ is rational” should be “ ${\bf Q}^d$ is countable”.
Page 194: In the final sentence of Section 2.3, ${\bf E} X$ should be ${\bf E}(X)$ for notational consistency.
Page 195: In Exercise 2.4.1(3), $E$ should be $E_A$ . In Exercise 2.4.1(8), $x_B \to f(x_B,x_{A\backslash B})$ should be $x_B \mapsto f(x_B,x_{A\backslash B})$ .
Page 197: In the final display, $K'_N$ should be defined as $\bigcap_{N'=1}^N \pi_{B_{N'} \leftarrow B_N}^{-1}(K_{N'})$ rather than $\bigcup_{N'=1}^N \pi_{B_{N'} \leftarrow B_N}^{-1}(K_{N})$ . On the first display of the next page, the first occurrence of $\varepsilon/2^N$ should be $\sum_{N'=1}^N \varepsilon/2^{N'+1}$ , and the final $\varepsilon - \varepsilon/2^N$ should just be $\varepsilon/2$ . In the seventh paragraph, $\bigcup_{n=1}^N E_N$ should be $\bigcup_{n=1}^N E_n$ .
Page 205: The index entry for “restriction (measure)” should point to Example 1.4.25 rather than Exercise 1.4.35 (which could instead be referenced by “restriction (function)”.

Thanks to Daniel Barter, Andres Caicedo, alan Chang, Daniel Dorani, Robin Fissum, Stephen Ge, Travis Gibson, Yaver Gulusoy, Petri Henrik, Joe Li, Weifeng Li, Yoshiki Otobe, Arpan Pal, Navan Ranasinge, Xiao Shen, Daniel Shved, Frieder Simon, Isaac Solomon, Gandhi Viswanathan, Deven Ware, Ittay Weiss, and Luqing Ye for corrections.

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24 January, 2011 at 8:35 am

An introduction to measure theory « What’s new

[…] theory notes to book form, a draft copy of which is now available here. I have also started up a stub of a book page for this text, though it has little content at present beyond that link. I will be continuing […]

12 March, 2013 at 3:13 am

Juan Kuntz

Dear Professor Tao,

Thank you very much for posting the book online – it’s great. I’ve been working independently through the exercises and I can do an ok amount on my own fine – however, there are some in which I feel I would really benefit from the input of others. As I a rarely come in contact with people who would be interested in such exercises (I’m not a mathematician by training, nor I’m based in a mathematics department), I was considering attempting to start some sort of (obviously free) collaborative online solution manual where readers could post and discuss solutions to the exercises, e.g., something along the lines of http://www.roadtoreality.info/.

Would you approve of such a thing? Of course, if you do not, I will drop it.

12 March, 2013 at 12:30 pm

Terence Tao

I have no objection to this, though it may be that the number of participants in such a project could be rather low.

13 March, 2013 at 7:29 am

Juan Kuntz

Possibly, probably still worth a shot though. Thank you.

12 November, 2013 at 3:19 pm

Richard Schur

Dear Juan,

How is the website going so far?

Sincerely,

Richard Schur

19 January, 2015 at 3:01 pm

cjpn

Dear Professor Tao,
Like Juan, I am not a mathematician by training, but I am interested in learning about measure theory and have just started working through your book. If anyone else is interested I am posting my answers to the Exercises on my blog (https://cjpnmiscellany.wordpress.com/) and would welcome any comments or suggestions for improved solutions.

25 January, 2011 at 12:20 am

Dirk

Are you sure about the spelling “Radamacher” vs “Rademacher”? I am not totally sure either, but I think it is Hans Rademacher (however, I could not find his particular publication about the differentiation theorem).

[Oops – this will be corrected in the next revision. – T.]

26 January, 2011 at 9:11 am

Jason T. Miller

For my own purpose of reading on the iPad, I cropped and bookmarked the draft, and thought the result might be helpful to other readers:

Dr. Tao: if you don’t approve, please feel free to kill the comment — this is the only place I’ve linked to it (or intend to). And thanks for writing and posting this material in the first place!

14 February, 2011 at 1:23 pm

Anonymous

Hi Professor Tao,

You mention in the book (Remark 1.3.1) that one can first define the Lebesgue integral for bounded measurable non-negative functions on sets of finite measure and then extend to the general case of non-negative measurable functions (by taking the sup over the previously defined functions). Given that this requires two steps, and thus appears to be more complicated that just defining the integral as you have done in Definition 1.3.12, why would one choose to do this? You suggest in Remark 1.4.50 that it may come down to taste. Do you mean by this that some of the proofs become simpler if one introduces the added complexity in the definitions at the beginning?

Thanks.

14 February, 2011 at 1:58 pm

Terence Tao

Yes, there are some simplifications if one initially restricts the integral to bounded functions of finite measure support. Specifically, establishing additivity of the integral is easier because one does not need the horizontal and vertical truncation tools for such integrals. The two approaches are basically permutations of each other and have comparable net complexity.

3 March, 2011 at 3:56 pm

Sarah

What is the license on this manuscript? For example, if one were to want to use it for a class (at one’s own risk in terms of errata, of course), would that be permissible?

4 March, 2011 at 6:37 am

Terence Tao

The book (like my other blog books) is published conventionally by the AMS (with the copyright held by myself); they have agreed to permit a copy of the book to be hosted on this site, but this would be intended primarily for personal use (or as an alternative source for the physical text, if the latter is somehow unavailable). For use as a formal classroom text, I would imagine that the book form would be preferable.

6 March, 2011 at 9:00 am

Sarah

I was asking primarily since this is a draft manuscript and the printed book is not available yet. Of course once the book becomes available that will be preferable. When is the book scheduled to appear in print?

6 March, 2011 at 9:09 am

Terence Tao

Ah, I had confused this book (which has not yet been published) with my earlier blog books. But judging from previous experience, I would imagine that it would take about twelve months or so before the book is available in print.

10 March, 2011 at 11:18 am

Anonymous

Thanks! I am considering adopting the book for a course in the fall, or using it as one of two main resources, but I certainly would not want to do that without permission.

3 March, 2011 at 10:37 pm

Daniel

Dear Prof. Tao, your section on problem-solving strategies was a delight to read! Thank you for making it available.

May I ask where the concept of “giving yourself an epsilon of room” originated? Is it your own?

6 March, 2011 at 9:10 am

Terence Tao

The precise term is my own, but the idea of “epsilon regularisation” or the “density argument” has been around since the days of Lebesgue at least; I do not know who to first ascribe it to.

22 July, 2011 at 10:01 pm

Literaturempfehlung « UGroh's Weblog

[…] In diesem Buch hat T. Tao seine Blogmitteilungen zu dieser mathematischen Disziplin zusammengefasst. Ich persönlich finde, dass dieses eines der besten Bücher zur Maßtheorie ist, da die Theorie motivierend aufgebaut ist. Ein PDF des Buches findet sich auf seiner Buchseite (siehe seinen Blog). […]

15 September, 2011 at 10:39 am

“Introduction to measure theory” now published « What’s new

[…] graduate text on measure theory (based on these lecture notes) is now published by the AMS as part of the Graduate Studies in […]

16 September, 2011 at 9:02 am

Literaturempfehlung « UGroh's Weblog

[…] T. Tao nunmehr bestellbar ist. Da es auch als PDF-File verfügbar ist, kann sich jeder vorab auf dem Blog von T. Tao […]

13 February, 2012 at 11:40 pm

Daniel Shved

Dear Prof. Tao,

There is a phrase in the book that confused me a little. On page 32, in the proof for Lemma 1.2.13(vi), it says: “By countable subadditivity, this implies that $\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n$ is contained in $\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n$ , and the difference $(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n) \ (\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n)$ has Legesgue outer measure at most $\epsilon$ “. I see how the second part follows from countable subadditivity, but the fact that $\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n$ is contained in $\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n$ is true by itself, without countable subadditivity. Maybe it should be like this: “ $\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n$ is contained in $\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n$ , and, by countable subadditivity, the difference $(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n) \ (\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n)$ has Legesgue outer measure at most $\epsilon$ “? Or am I not getting something?

14 February, 2012 at 3:39 am

Daniel Shved

Oops, there are at least two typos in my comment above: Legesgue->Lebesgue, and $(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n) \ (\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n)$ -> $(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} U_n) \setminus (\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} E_n)$ . Also, there’s something wrong with the way epsilons look… :(

16 February, 2012 at 10:22 pm

andrescaicedo

(Small typo.) In page 17, I think that the reference to Exercise 1.1.13 should instead be to Exercise 1.1.5.

[Correction added, thanks. -T.]

17 February, 2012 at 4:46 pm

515 – Advanced Analysis « Teaching blog

[…] Graduate studies in mathematics, vol 126, 2011. ISBN-10: 0-8218-6919-1. ISBN-13: 978-0-8218-6919-2. Errata. Mathematicians find it easier to understand and enjoy ideas which are clever rather than subtle. […]

25 February, 2012 at 12:13 pm

Daniel Shved

Dear prof. Tao,

here are several misprints:

p41, ex. 1.2.22 (i): Lebesgue measure, etc -> Lebesgue outer measure, etc

p42, ex. 1.2.24 (i): Show this is a equivalence relation -> Show this is an equivalence relation

p50, before section 1.3.1: The facts listed here manifestations -> The facts listed here are manifestations

p54, before definition 1.3.6: absoutely Lebesgue integral -> absolutely convergent Lebesgue integral

p56, hint for ex. 1.3.2: rearrange the second inequality -> rearrange the second equality

p70, ex. 1.3.21 (recheck this): where [x] is the greatest integer less than x -> less than or equal to x

p75, before the proof of Egorov’s theorem: since one local uniform convergence -> since one has local uniform convergence (not sure about this one)

p88, ex. 1.4.15(ii): countable number of sets in $F_{n-1}$ -> countable number of sets in $F_\beta$

p97, before definition 1.4.34: we defined first an simple integral -> we defined first a simple integral

p101, ex. 1.4.36. (ix) is called “vertical truncation” and (x) is called “horizontal”. It should be the other way around. (Or, if this is correct, then “vertical” and “horizontal” should be swapped everywhere in an earlier section about the Lebesgue unsigned integral).

[Corrections added, thanks. -T.]

27 August, 2012 at 7:37 am

515 – Advanced Analysis « A kind of library

29 November, 2012 at 2:33 pm

Isaac Solomon

On page 170, Exercise 1.7.23 (regarding the failure of Fubini’s theorem when certain conditions are relaxed), the problem asks to prove the inequality of two double integrals, but these integrals are actually the same, i.e. the order of dy and dx are not exchanged in the latter integral.

Also, the wording of the problem itself is a bit peculiar, in that it asks to show that the single integrals are absolutely integrable for a particular value of x or y, rather than the functions being absolutely integrable, and also that the double integrals exist and are absolutely integrable, rather than the functions inside the double integral being absolutely double integrable.

[Corrected, thanks – T.]

27 January, 2013 at 7:34 pm

Jack

In the errata, page 33 should be page 27 in the book if I don’t get the wrong book. (page 33 is the page number of the online version.)

[Corrected, thanks – T.]

19 November, 2013 at 8:32 am

In the proof of the Rising Sun Lemma on
Page 144, the b in the set A should be changed to b_n instead. Similarily the b on the next row should be b_n. On the row under that row the first b should be changed to b_n.

29 November, 2013 at 7:20 am

David

Hello! I saw that you proved the additivity of the Lebesgue integral for non-negative measurable functions (Theorem 1.4.38), but I couldn’t find in your book that you proved the additivity for general Lebesgue integrable functions, yet it appears that you used it in the proof of the dominated convergence theorem (Theorem 1.4.49). I finally came up with a proof, nevertheless I would like to know how you would prove it, or whether it is already in your book. My method was to prove the additivity first for simple functions, which then gives a short proof for non-negative functions using the monotone convergence theorem for non-negative functions, and then proving for general integrable functions by using simple sequences that converge uniformly to them on a bounded set such that their integrals are small on its complement. Do you have a shorter proof?

29 November, 2013 at 8:22 am

Terence Tao

This is Exercise 1.4.41(ii) (which generalises Exercise 1.3.19). Hint: given real-valued functions $f, g$ , find an identity connecting the positive and negative parts of $f, g, f+g$ , and rearrange this identity so that Theorem 1.4.38 may be applied.

29 November, 2013 at 9:31 am

David

I got it. Thanks! By the way, what’s your reason for not using the monotone convergence theorem for sets to prove the monotone convergence theorem for non-negative functions first, so that we wouldn’t have to use truncation?

1 December, 2013 at 12:37 pm

Jordan

Hi Professor Tao, I’m an algebraist who’s been working through your book to become more well rounded in pure mathematics. I’m getting through most of the exercises pretty well but am having trouble with one in particular. Do you have any tips on how to attack exercise 1.7.21? In particular, the part about the associativity of the sigma algebras.

1 December, 2013 at 2:38 pm

Terence Tao

When trying to establish properties of abstract sigma algebras, Remark 1.4.15 is often useful. (One should also be proving double containment of the sigma algebras rather than equality, as per Strategy 2.1.1.)

1 December, 2013 at 2:52 pm

Jordan

I understand the concept of proving the double containment, but I’m not sure I see how to apply the remark in this case.

1 December, 2013 at 5:40 pm

Terence Tao

As I said, the key is to use Remark 1.4.15 to obtain the required containments. You might first warm up with other exercises that use this remark, e.g. Exercise 1.4.17 or Exercise 1.4.18.

7 December, 2013 at 4:06 pm

Ultraproducts as a Bridge Between Discrete and Continuous Analysis | What's new

[…] of (say) the unit cube, and that of Lebesgue measure of Borel subsets of that cube; see e.g. this text of mine for the basic theory here. For instance, it is not difficult to show that every Loeb measurable set […]

9 May, 2014 at 11:58 am

Jack

I’ve seen several exercises similar to Ex 1.1.3 (Uniqueness of elementary measure):
Ex 1.1.24 (Basic properties of the Riemann integral)
Ex 1.2.23 (Uniqueness of Lebesgue measure)
etc.

Can we use the those properties to “define” the corresponding mathematical concepts? Is there any trade-off if we do such sort of thing in every definition in the book?

(This seems very similar to the philosophy of defining the determinant of square real matrices. It seems to me that what really matters is the properties pertaining to the concepts.)

9 May, 2014 at 12:25 pm

Terence Tao

Yes, one can certainly define these concepts axiomatically rather than constructively (for instance, defining Lebesgue measure to be the unique Haar measure that gives the unit cube a measure of 1), although then the difficulty then shifts to proving existence of the objects so defined. In the case of Lebesgue measure, for instance, one now needs the existence of Haar measure, which is a somewhat non-trivial fact to establish (particularly if one has not yet proven the Riesz representation theorem).

23 May, 2014 at 3:40 pm

Frederik

I’m having troubles showing the inequality on page 197 – 198, that

$\mu_{B_N}(K'_N) \geq \mu_{B_N}(G_N) - \sum_{N' = 1}^N \frac{\varepsilon}{2^{N'}}$

I can show that

$\mu_{B_1}(K_1) \geq \mu_{B_N}(G_N) - \sum_{N' = 1}^N \frac{\varepsilon}{2^{N'}}$

but I think that I have “lost” to much in the process in order to obtain the inequality you present. Can you (or somebody else reading this) give me a push in the right direction?

[See erratum for this inequality on this page – T.]

23 May, 2014 at 5:21 pm

Frederik

Thanks for your quick reply. I’m actually already working on showing the revised inequality. As I have understood your corrections I should be able to show that
$\mu_{B_N}(K'_N) \geq \mu_{B_N}(G_N) - \sum_{N' = 1}^N \frac{\varepsilon}{2^{N'}} \geq \frac{\varepsilon}{2^N}$

However I’m only able to show the inequality I mentioned above, using that

$\mu_{B_n}(K_N) \leq \mu_{B_N}(G_N) \leq \mu_{B_{N-1}}(G_N) \leq \mu_{B_{n-1}}(K_{N_1}) + \frac{\varepsilon}{2^N} \leq \mu_{B_{N-1}}(G_{N-1})+\frac{\varepsilon}{2^N}$

iteratively. I have tried a number of different approaches without any luck, so I hope that you can help me in the right direction. Thanks a lot!

23 May, 2014 at 7:29 pm

Terence Tao

Cover $G_N \backslash K'_N$ by $\pi^{-1}_{B_{N'} \leftarrow B_N}( G_{N'} \backslash K_{N'} )$ for $N' \leq N$ .

3 June, 2014 at 3:22 pm

Anonymous

Dear Professor Tao,

Here are some misprints I found that are not currently on the list:

p.125, ex 1.6.21: Besicovich -> Besicovitch; part (i) should be I_i and I_j as opposed to I_n and I_m
p.145, bottom of p.145, f'(x) exists -> F'(x) exists
p.150, ex 1.7.2: Lebesgue outer measurable -> the Lebesgue outer measure
p.168, in (1.37) the third integral should have X and Y interchanged

[Added, thanks – T.]

2 October, 2014 at 9:03 am

Travis

Hi,

p. 227 just above Remark 2.2.3 under the limit, the second $\to$ should be $\in$

[Correction added, thanks – T.]

28 October, 2014 at 6:13 pm

Anon

Dr. Tao,
Hello. Do you know if AMS will print a second edition any time soon?

[There are no plans for this as yet, though if a sufficient number of further errata are unearthed, this may change. -T.]

29 December, 2015 at 7:21 am

Joyanta Pati

Thank you sir for posting it,though I’ve a hardcopy of this book.

6 March, 2016 at 10:31 am

F r i e d e r S i m o n

Is there a specific reason you chose to make the definitions of the concrete and abstract Lebesgue integral slightly “asymmetric”, in the sense that in the concrete case (Definition 1.3.17 on pp 68 in the pdf above) you chose to allow almost everywhere defined functions, whereas in the abstract case (Definition 1.4.39 on pp. 104 in the pdf above) you didn’t ?
Of course, changing the definition in the abstract case to also allow almost everywhere defined functions wouldn’t affect immediate subsequent results. But as in the abstract case you consistently avoided allowing ($\mu$)-almost everywhere defined functions (only other ($\mu$)-a.e.-properties come up), I wondered if perhaps abstractly there are some downsides to using ($\mu$)-a.e.-definedness for functions.

7 March, 2016 at 12:16 pm

Terence Tao

There isn’t much of a downside as long as one only works with a single measure $\mu$ on one’s domain $X$ , but if for some reason one has an uncountable family of measures $\mu_t$ that one wishes to analyse, which are not all mutually absolutely continuous, then it is generally not safe to work with $\mu_t$ -almost everywhere functions. I’ll add an erratum though that one can extend Definition 1.4.39 to almost everywhere defined functions as in Definition 1.3.17.

11 June, 2016 at 1:10 pm

Tom Gannon

In the proof of Theorem 1.6.11, on p119 there is a sentence that says “We apply the rising sun Lemma to the function F defined as… By corollary 1.6.5, F is continuous.”

Shouldn’t this be exercise 1.6.5? Corollary 1.6.5 is the Mean Value Theorem, which doesn’t conclude any function is continuous.

[Correction added, thanks – T.]

24 January, 2017 at 6:04 am

Jona Lelmi

Good evening,

I was reading the proof of kolmogorov estension theorem. In the text it is used the fact that preimges of compact sets throught the projections are closed. Shouldn’t be added the request that the topologies over the measurable spaces have to be Hausdorff?

28 January, 2017 at 9:22 am

Terence Tao

In the text the topological space is assumed to be metrisable and hence Hausdorff.

31 January, 2017 at 1:05 pm

Jona Lelmi

Got it. Anyway the proof still remains valid for Hausdorff topological vector spaces, doesn’t it?

31 January, 2017 at 1:12 pm

Jona Lelmi

I mean. Not that proof, but the theorem

23 March, 2017 at 9:32 pm

Manoj Keshari

typo- p156, before (1.34), b<a should be a<b,
p172, line -4, that should be then

23 March, 2017 at 11:14 pm

Anonymous

typos- p157. (3rd para), we can define a “finite additive” measure \mu_0.
(2nd para) |I|_F=|I_1|_F+ … (F is missing)
(4th para) E “\in” B_0 (= should be \in)
(5th para) splitting up E into “finitely many” intervals

28 March, 2017 at 3:06 am

Anonymous

typo- p121, before Ex 1.6.14, point for “f”.
p 124, two places, and in Ex 1.6.20 (p125), integral should be over “R^d”
Ex 1.6.21, (ii) two of the “I_j’ ”
Hint 2nd line, two times “the”
Ex 1.6.22 for every “finite” interval I
p129 (iv) lower “left” derivative
before Ex 1.6.30, rather than on the “endpoints” should be “real line”.
F is differentiable …. the four “Dini” derivatives …

[Corrected, thanks – T.]

4 April, 2017 at 2:47 am

Anonymous

typo- p 135, similarly for the other “three” Dini derivatives….
p 161, $\pi_Y^{-1}(F):F\in \mathcal B_Y\}$
p165, Example 1.7.13, line 2, $(\mathbb R^{d'}, L[R^{d'}])$
Exercise 1.7.21, line 2, $\sigma$ -finite “measurable spaces”.
p 166, line 5, $C_E$ contains $\mathcal A$ is correct,
p 168 (1.37) and p 170 (iii), interchange X and Y in the integral.
p 170, Exercise 1.7.23, line 4, interchande dx and dy.
p171, Exercise 1.7.23, line 3, remove “if”.

[Corrections added, thanks – T.]

4 March, 2017 at 3:13 pm

Daniel Dorani

I think there is a small typo on page 130 (proof of Lemma 1.6.26), where the inequality at the bottom of the page (after “But we can rearrange …”) should be reversed ( G(b_n) \leq G(a_n) should be G(b_n) \geq G(a_n) )

Also applies on page 132 (after “But we can rearrange …”)

[Correction added, thanks – T.]

5 April, 2017 at 9:40 pm

Anonymous

p151, $E_n$’s are disjoint, so last two display should be $\mu^*(A\cap E_{N+1})$ rather that $\mu^*(A\cap E_{N+1}\setminus \cup_{n=1}^N E_n)$

p 169, (1.38) integral should be over Y
189 4th para, $\mathbb Q^d$ is “countable” (it is printed rational).
192 before Definition 2.3.1, this text will, however, not “focus on” ..
last 2nd line formalise”s”.

[Corrections added, thanks – T.]

5 April, 2017 at 9:43 pm

Anonymous

To display formula’s in which bracket ( …) is used, it is better to use
$\left ( …. \right )$. This will put a bigger bracket and the display will look better.

6 April, 2017 at 2:20 am

Anonymous

p156, before (1.34), and p 160 line 1; $b<a$ should be $a<b$ .

[Correction added, thanks. -T]

6 April, 2017 at 5:26 am

Anonymous

p195, last line, x_B “\mapsto” f(x_B,…
p 197 6th para, F_N= \cup_{n=1}^N “E_n”
p 198 line 2, $\geq \mu_{B_N}(G_N) - \sum_{N'=1}^N \epsilon /(2^{N'+1}) \geq (3/4) \epsilon$

[Correction added, thanks – T.]

6 April, 2017 at 8:10 pm

Anonymous

p 198 line 2, the correction already done $\geq\mu_{B_N}(G_N)-\sum_{N'=1}^N \epsilon/2^{N'+1} \geq\epsilon/2^N$ is correct with change $2^{N'+1}$ in place of $2^{N'}$ in the $\sum_1^{N'}$ .

[Correction added, thanks – T.]

11 July, 2017 at 7:05 am

Krishna Bhogaonker

Hello Prof. Tao. I just love your books. Analysis 1 and 2 are really in a class of their own, and I am looking forward to working through the measure theory book. I did find one additional errata on page 9. It seems that part of the text got cut off between page 9 and 10. The current text is :

“Jordan measurable sets are those sets which are “almost elementary”
with respect to Jordan outer measure. More precisely, we have”

But then on page 10 the text starts with exercise 1.1.5. So it seems like there was some more explanation about the almost elementary nature of Jordan measurable sets that was cut off. Just wanted to let you know.

[Exercise 1.1.5 _is_ the explanation as to why Jordan measurable sets are almost elementary. -T.]

16 September, 2017 at 6:20 am

George

Should we consider “collection” as a synonym for “set” or is there a difference? e.g. in the phrase “Lemma 1.2.13 assert
that the collection of Lebesgue measurable subsets of Rd form a $\sigma-algebra$ “

16 September, 2017 at 6:26 pm

Terence Tao

Mostly synonymous, though sometimes I like to allow “collections” to refer to proper classes also. Also, “collection” conveys a connotation that the elements of the collection are likely to be somewhat complex objects, such as sets or spaces, rather than primitive objects such as points or numbers.

13 March, 2019 at 4:51 pm

Navin Ranasinghe

Hi Prof. Tao. Thank you for writing this book, I’m really enjoying working through it.

In exercise 1.6.27 (iii) is $C'_d \equiv 1$ ? My solution implies this, but I’m unsure because I was expecting a constant depending on $d$ .

[Yes, one can in fact take $C'_d=1$ if one uses the right argument. I’ll add a note about this to the errata – T.]

21 October, 2019 at 10:26 pm

anonymous

Hi Terry, from the preliminary copy found here:

or as per the link at the top of this page – I have errata from that copy – any page numbers mentioned are pages from that copy!

—-You may be able to ‘adapt’ them to the real copy, or towards the next edition, especially if I have made them clear enough or possible to discover in the genuine copy, and yes, it only took a few hours and was worth doing, so definitely not hurt or offended if you can’t utilize the corrections, still makes reading it fun.Out of 265 pages I have obtained/discovered:——

>>try control-f search for (Exercise!) total of 6 results found, looks like in place should be the word (exercise!), On the last sentence of page 6 it seems done right as (exercise!).

>>5 lines from bottom of page 23 you have typed Vol I.). minor typo, based on consistency in the usage throughout the book I think it is Vol. I).

>>P36 6 lines down from the top of the page is the parenthesized sentence with a period outside of the parenthesis , beside the words Lemma 1.2.13).

>>P81 at the bottom of example 1.4.4 the period is inside the parenthesis but is supposed to be outside the parenthesis.

>>P89 bottom of first paragraph missing a parenthesis to end the parenthesized sentence. sentence starts with (Indeed

>>P158 EX 1.6.31 the Hint needs a closed parenthesis.

>>P160 above defintion1.6.30 the expression Lemma1.6.26 is appended with a period, doesn’t need a period as the period occurs a few spaces later.

>>P165 near bottom of page in equation 1.30 you wrote: ””(by writing F = F+−(F+−F−)”” which seems to need a parenthesis to close the expression

..192 EX1.7.13 (ii) continuous (which in particular implies doesn’t have a closing parenthesis (is it supposed to be: (which in particular implies that F’ exists and is absolutely integrable)?)

[Corrections added, thanks – T.]

30 November, 2019 at 3:16 am

Robin Fissum

Hey. I believe there is a typo in Exercise 1.4.20 at the bottom of page 75. Should “… be a finitely additive measure on a Boolean σ-algebra B”, be: “… a finitely additive measure on a Boolean algebra B” ?

-R.

[Correction added, thanks -T.]

2 December, 2019 at 2:45 am

Robin Fissum

Also, on p.81, in Exercise 1.4.32, I think there should be ” …be a simple function on a measure space (X,B,μ) …”

I might also add that in definition 1.4.34 on the same page, even though the definition of a simple function on a measurable space requires no measure, the simple integral sure does. So maby it would be wise to add something along the lines of “Furthermore, if μ is a measure on (X,B), then we define the simple integral ….” in the same paragraph.

-Robin

[Corrections added, thanks – T.]

23 May, 2020 at 8:24 am

Anonymous

Sir, any chance you will combine this book with the Epsilon of Room Real Analysis book into one book for a complete treatment of graduate analysis?

27 May, 2020 at 10:24 pm

Z Liu

Dear Prof Tao,

I have two questions,

(1) In page 78, ex 1.3.25 part 2, can we upgrade locally bounded to bounded since the function f is supported on a finite measure set.

(2) In page 95, the def of measurable function, are we using extend topology to define open sets in R*?

Thanks

5 July, 2020 at 9:14 pm

Z Liu

Dear Professor Tao,

In your update for Page 100, exercise 1.5.3, I didn’t see why you replace the original condition by “min(An, μ(En)) goes to 0”. It seems that those two are equivalent under your assumption (i.e. A(n) either converges to 0 or bounded away from 0)

Thanks

14 July, 2020 at 11:16 pm

Yaver Gulusoy

Page 81: In the Definition 1.4.34 (not Definition 1.4.31) measurable space $(X, \mathcal{B})$ should be measure space $(X, \mathcal{B}, \mu)$

[This erratum has already been added – T.]

12 August, 2020 at 2:31 am

Yaver Gulusoy

Page 81: In Exercise 1.4.33 part (iv) the reference should be made to the Exercise 1.3.2 instead of Exercise 1.1.2.

[Erratum added, thanks – T.]

28 December, 2020 at 8:32 am

Yaver Gulusoy

Page 80: Definition of a $\mu$ -almost everywhere property is given on page 81, although the notion is already used in Exercise 1.4.31 on page 80

Page 100: Exercise 1.5.3 (vii) “converges in $L^1$ norm” should be “converges in $L^1$ norm to zero”

Page 103: Exercise 1.5.9 “using Exercise 1.5.6” should be “using Exercise 1.5.8”

Page 104: Exercise 1.5.10 The dominated convergence theorem should be used instead of the monotone convergence theorem.

Page 105: In Exercise 1.5.14 “probability space” should be “measure space”. Furthermore, I cannot really prove that the theorem assumption excludes the possibility of the escape to width infinity (Condition iii from the Definition 1.5.11). For instance, if we consider $f_n := 1/n \cdot 1_{[0,n]}$ , then this sequence satisfies the theorem assumption, but it does contradict $\lim_{M\to 0} \sup_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \int_{\{|f_n|\leq M\}} |f_n| \ \mathrm{d}\mu = 0$ .

[Corrections added, thanks. For Exercise 1.5.14, the restriction to probability space is precisely in order to eliminate the “escape to width infinity” scenario. -T]

28 December, 2020 at 10:39 am

Yaver Gulusoy

Page 105: In Exercise 1.5.16, do you mean “can be infinite on a NON-null set”?

[No – T.]

15 March, 2021 at 4:48 am

Infinite sums over the extended non-negative real axis | Aditya Guha Roy's weblog

[…] following discussion is based on some notes from the preface of professor Terence Tao’s text on measure […]

18 March, 2021 at 2:11 am

sacirisi

g.mo prof Tao, in the theory of measure having to look for the measure: equal enunciated by Euclid with the conjecture of twins and by Euler with the strong version of Goldbach’s conjecture; odd enunciated by Goldbach in the weak version of the homonymous conjecture, what do you think of the idea: No to the search that the infinite even numbers are the sum of 2 different primes and equidistant from half of their sum; YES to the search that the infinite even numbers are the double of: the same prime number or more prime numbers. as best in the pdf quoted in https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2020/01/25/equidistribution-of-syracuse-random-variables-and-density-of-collatz-preimages/#comment-623732

30 March, 2021 at 2:51 am

Carlos Antonio Pinzón

This book is simply excellent. It compiles a huge amount of knowledge in a short, concise an easy to learn manner.

Readability and engagement:
– The notation and the prose are as expressive as possible without losing readability.
– The big-picture is always made intuitive before diving in, and once in it, the details are also explained using arguments and techniques that are both intuitive and correct.
– It unveils and highlights the core facts of the theory.
– Whenever there are several ways to define the same tool or object, the author makes it clear that he is choosing one of them, explaining briefly the others and the reason for his choice. In most cases, an equivalence with the others is shown afterwards.

Completeness:
– The text provides or mentions almost all (if not all) relevant theorems, examples and counterexamples in the theory.
– It connects measure theory with other branches of mathematics by using the former as a tool to prove something in the latter or viceversa, or by pointing out equivalences between them.

Format:
– The column of text is narrow and this improves readability. Prose is abundant compared to formulas.
– For android I recommend the reader app called EBookDroid, which has the auto-crop feature (or, to use fancier language, tailor feature).

Thank you Terrence for such a great resource.

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