From Bose-Einstein condensates to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation

The Schrödinger equation

is the fundamental equation of motion for (non-relativistic) quantum mechanics, modeling both one-particle systems and -particle systems for . Remarkably, despite being a linear equation, solutions to this equation can be governed by a non-linear equation in the large particle limit . In particular, when modeling a Bose-Einstein condensate with a suitably scaled interaction potential in the large particle limit, the solution can be governed by the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation

I recently attended a talk by Natasa Pavlovic on the rigorous derivation of this type of limiting behaviour, which was initiated by the pioneering work of Hepp and Spohn, and has now attracted a vast recent literature. The rigorous details here are rather sophisticated; but the heuristic explanation of the phenomenon is fairly simple, and actually rather pretty in my opinion, involving the foundational quantum mechanics of -particle systems. I am recording this heuristic derivation here, partly for my own benefit, but perhaps it will be of interest to some readers.

This discussion will be purely formal, in the sense that (important) analytic issues such as differentiability, existence and uniqueness, etc. will be largely ignored.